July 18 1862 Friday
Dix-Hill Prisoner of War Cartel agreed
Morgan’s First Kentucky Raid
Forrest’s First Tennessee Raid
USA. The Dix-Hill Cartel, pertaining to the exchange of prisoners of war, was drawn up by the US Congress. It was signed by Union Major-General John Adam Dix and Confederate Major-General Daniel Harvey Hill at Haxall’s Landing, Virginia, on 22 July 1862. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for captured officers to be exchanged for fixed numbers of enlisted men, and agents from each side were appointed to conduct the exchanges at specified locations. Prisoners could also be released on parole. The system began to break down when the Confederates classified Afro-American captives as fugitive slaves, requiring them to be returned to their owners instead of being exchanged. On 30 July 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued General Order 252, which effectively suspended the Dix–Hill Cartel until the Confederate forces agreed to treat black prisoners the same as white prisoners.
At the outbreak of war, the Federal government adopted a strict policy toward captured Confederate soldiers, who were deemed to be rebels. The government wanted to avoid any action that might appear like official recognition of the Confederate government in Richmond, including the formal transfer of military captives. Public opinion on prisoner exchanges began to change after the First Battle of Bull Run when about one thousand Union soldiers were captured.
In two meetings on 23 February 1862 and 1 March 1862, Wool and Confederate Brigadier-General Thomas Howell Cobb reached an agreement on prisoner exchanges and discussed many of the provisions later adopted in the Dix-Hill agreement. A cartel arrangement used between the United States and Great Britain in the War of 1812 provided a model for the negotiators to adapt.
The Dix-Hill cartel agreement established a scale of equivalents to manage the exchange of military officers and enlisted personnel. For example, a naval captain or a colonel in the army would exchange for fifteen privates or common seamen, while personnel of equal ranks would transfer man for man. The agreement named two locations for the exchanges to occur, one at A M Aiken’s Landing, below Dutch Gap, in Virginia, and the other at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Each government appointed an agent to handle the exchange and parole of prisoners. The agreement also allowed the exchange or parole of captives between the commanders of two opposing forces.
In addition, the agreement permitted each side to exchange non-combatants, such as citizens accused of disloyalty, and civilian employees of the military. Authorities were to parole any prisoners not formally exchanged within ten days following their capture. The terms of the cartel prohibited paroled prisoners from returning to the military in any capacity including “the performance of field, garrison, police, or guard, or constabulary duty.
The cartel’s newly appointed agents, Confederate Robert Ould and Union Brigadier-General Lorenzo Thomas, conducted their first official prisoner exchange under the agreement’s terms with a transfer of 3,021 Union personnel for 3000 Confederates at Aiken’s Landing. These prisoner exchanges had effectively stopped by June 1863 and each side had to hold and maintain increasing numbers of prisoners.
In January 1865 with the end of the war in sight, Union Lieutenant-General Ulysses Simpson Grant permitted the resumption of exchanges after the Confederate authorities agreed to include all prisoners. By February, Grant was trying to exchange 3,000 prisoners a week, requesting that priority should go to disabled troops since “few of these will be got in the ranks again and as we can count upon but little reinforcement from the prisoners we get.” The Union Army is reported to have paroled or exchanged 329,963 Confederate prisoners of war, while the Confederacy paroled or exchanged about 152,015 Union prisoners of war.
Indiana. Raid on Newburg.
Kentucky. A Confederate cavalry raiding party, commanded by Colonel John Hunt Morgan entered the town of Henderson below Evansville and Newburg, Indiana. One group crossed the Ohio River to raid Newburg. Actions also occurred at Georgetown and Paris. Among them, Colonel Adam Rankin Johnson of the 10th Kentucky Partisan Rangers led 12 men with two stovepipes disguised as “Quaker cannons” and gained the nickname “Stovepipe” Jackson.
Missouri. Confederates raided near Memphis and ambushed a Union party, causing several casualties.
Tennessee. Incident at Murfreesboro.
Tennessee. The Confederate cavalry brigades of Colonel Joseph Wheeler and Colonel Frank Armstrong Crawford advanced from Tupelo towards Grand Junction and Tuscumbia, Alabama, to screen the movement of the Army of Mississippi to Chattanooga and to divert Union attention.
Union Organisation
USA: Joseph King Fenno Mansfield promoted Major-General USV 11 March 1863 to rank from 18 July 1862 posthumously. He held concurrently the grade of Brigadier-General USA.
USA: Isaac Ingalls Stevens confirmed Major-General USV 18 July 1862 to rank from 4 July 1862 posthumously.
USA: John Gray Foster promoted Major-General USV 18 July 1862.
USA: John Grubb Parke promoted Major-General USV 20 August 1862 to rank from 18 July 1862.
USA: Jesse Lee Reno promoted Major-General USV 20 August 1862 to rank from 18 July 1862 posthumously.
USA: Horatio Gouverneur Wright promoted Major-General USV 20 August 1862 to rank from 18 July 1862 negated 12 March 1863 and revoked 24 March 1863.
USA: Fitz-Henry Warren confirmed Brigadier-General USV July 18 1862 to rank from 16 July 1862.
USA: Charles Cruft confirmed Brigadier-General USV 18 July 1862 to rank from 16 July 1862.
USA: Frederick Salomon confirmed Brigadier-General USV 18 July 1862 to rank from 16 July 1862.
USA: Cadwallader Colden Washburn confirmed Brigadier-General USV 18 July 1862 to rank from 16 July 1862.
USA: Francis Jay Herron confirmed Brigadier-General USV July 16 1862 to rank from July 18 1862.
USA: George Foster Shepley promoted Brigadier-General USV 26 July 1862 to rank from 18 July 1862.
USA: Captain John Adolphus Bernard Dahlgren USN was appointed Chief of the US Navy Ordnance Bureau from 22 July 1862.
Commander in Chief: President Abraham Lincoln
Vice-President: Hannibal Hamlin
Secretary of War: Edwin McMasters Stanton
Secretary of the Navy: Gideon Welles
North Atlantic Blockading Squadron: Louis Malesherbes Goldsborough
South Atlantic Blockading Squadron: Samuel Francis Du Pont
West Gulf Blockading Squadron: David Glasgow Farragut
East Gulf Blockading Squadron: James Lawrence Lardner
Pacific Squadron: Charles H Bell
Western Gunboat Flotilla: Charles Henry Davis
Potomac Flotilla: Samuel Magaw
General–in-Chief: Henry Wager Halleck awaited
Chairman of the War Board: Ethan Allen Hitchcock
Department (Military Division) of the Mississippi: Henry Wager Halleck
- District of West Tennessee: Ulysses Simpson Grant
- Sub-District of Jackson: John Alexander McClernand
- Army of West Tennessee: Ulysses Simpson Grant
- Army of the Mississippi: William Starke Rosecrans
- District of Cairo: William Kerley Strong
- District of Corinth: William Starke Rosecrans
- Army of the Ohio: Don Carlos Buell
Department of the Missouri: Henry Wager Halleck
- District of Missouri: John McAllister Schofield
- District of Southwest Missouri: Egbert Benson Brown
- Army of the Southwest: Samuel Ryan Curtis
- District of Northwest Missouri: vacant
Department of the Gulf: Benjamin Franklin Butler
- Army of the Gulf: Benjamin Franklin Butler
Department of Kansas: James Gilpatrick Blunt
Middle Department: John Ellis Wool
- District of the Eastern Shore of Maryland: Henry Hayes Lockwood
- VIII Corps Middle: John Ellis Wool
Department of New Mexico: Edward Richard Sprigg Canby
Department of New York: Edward Denison Morgan
Department of North Carolina: John Gray Foster
Department of the Pacific: George Wright
- District of the Humboldt: Francis James Lippitt
- District of Oregon: Benjamin Alvord
- District of Southern California: George Washington Bowie
Department of the Potomac: George Brinton McClellan
- Army of the Potomac: George Brinton McClellan
- II Corps Potomac: Edwin Vose Sumner
- III Corps Potomac: Samuel Peter Heintzelman
- IV Corps Potomac: Erasmus Darwin Keyes
- V Corps Potomac: Fitz John Porter
- VI Corps Potomac: William Buel Franklin
Department of the South: David Hunter
Department of Texas: Vacant
Department of Virginia: John Adams Dix
District of the Ohio: Don Carlos Buell
Military District of Washington: James Samuel Wadsworth
Army of Virginia: John Pope
- I Corps Virginia: Franz Sigel
- II Corps Virginia: Nathaniel Prentiss Banks
- III Corps Virginia: Irvin McDowell
Confederate Organisation
CSA: The Department of East Tennessee was extended by adding the parts of Georgia north of Atlanta and West Point.
CSA: The Western Department (Department No 2) was extended to include all of Mississippi, Eastern Louisiana, and Western Florida.
Commander in Chief: President Jefferson Finis Davis
Vice-President: Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Secretary of War: George Wythe Randolph
Secretary of the Navy: Stephen Russell Mallory
Military Adviser to the President: Vacant
Department of Middle and Eastern Florida: Joseph Finegan
Department of East Tennessee: Edmund Kirby Smith
- Army of East Tennessee: Edmund Kirby Smith
Department of Henrico: John Henry Winder
Department of North Carolina: Daniel Harvey Hill
- District of Cape Fear: William Henry Chase Whiting
- District of Pamlico: Robert Ransom temporary
- District of Roanoke Island: Henry Marchmore Shaw
Department of Northern Virginia: Robert Edward Lee
- District of Aquia: Gustavus Woodson Smith
- Army of Northern Virginia: Robert Edward Lee
- Longstreet’s Right Wing Northern Virginia: James Longstreet
- Jackson’s Left Wing Northern Virginia: Thomas Jonathan Jackson
- Valley District: Thomas Jonathan Jackson
Department of South Carolina and Georgia: John Clifford Pemberton
- District of Georgia: Alexander Robert Lawton
- District of South Carolina: Roswell Sabine Ripley
- 1st Sub-District of South Carolina: Arthur Middleton Manigault.
- 2nd Sub-District of South Carolina: Hugh Weedon Mercer
- 3rd Sub-District of South Carolina: William Stephen Walker
- 4th Sub-District of South Carolina: Thomas Fenwick Drayton
Department of Southwestern Virginia: William Wing Loring
- District of Abingdon: Humphrey Marshall
Trans-Mississippi Department: Paul Octave Hébert temporary Theophilus Hunter Holmes awaited
- District of Arkansas: Thomas Carmichael Hindman
- District of Eastern Texas and Western Louisiana: Paul Octave Hébert
- Sub-District of Houston: Xavier Blanchard Debray
- Western District of Texas: Henry Eustace McCullough
- Eastern Sub-District of Western Texas: Xavier Blanchard Debray
- Sub-District of the Rio Grande: Hamilton Prioleau Bee
- Trans-Mississippi District: Vacant
- District of Arizona: Henry Hopkins Sibley
- District of Indian Territory: Douglas Hancock Cooper
- Defences of Pass Cavallo: John W Glenn
Western Department: Braxton Bragg
- District of the Mississippi: Earl Van Dorn
- District of Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana: Earl Van Dorn
- 1st Sub-District of Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana: Daniel Ruggles
- 2nd Sub-District of Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana: William Nelson Rector Beall
- 3rd Sub-District of Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana: Martin Luther Smith
- Gulf District: John Horace Forney
- Army of Mississippi: William Joseph Hardee temporary
- I Corps Mississippi: Leonidas Polk
- II Corps Mississippi: Samuel Jones
- III Corps Mississippi: William Joseph Hardee
- Reserve Corps Mississippi: John Cabell Breckinridge
- Army of the West: Sterling Price
Forces in Richmond: Gustavus Woodson Smith
Union Generals
Note: Italics, awaiting confirmation of the commission
Major-General USA
George Brinton McClellan
John Charles Frémont
Henry Wager Halleck
John Ellis Wool
Major-General USV
Asterisk indicates concurrently Brigadier-General USA
John Adams Dix
Nathaniel Prentiss Banks
Benjamin Franklin Butler
David Hunter
Edwin Denison Morgan
Ethan Allen Hitchcock
Ulysses Simpson Grant
Irvin McDowell*
Ambrose Everett Burnside
William Starke Rosecrans*
Don Carlos Buell
John Pope*
Samuel Ryan Curtis
Franz Sigel
John Alexander McClernand
Lewis Wallace
Ormsby McKnight Mitchel
Cassius Marcellus Clay
George Henry Thomas
George Cadwalader
William Tecumseh Sherman
Edward Otho Cresap Ord
Edwin Vose Sumner*
Samuel Peter Heintzelman
Erasmus Darwin Keyes
Joseph Hooker
Silas Casey
Fitz John Porter
William Buel Franklin
Darius Nash Couch
Isaac Ingalls Stevens
Philip Kearny
Israel Bush Richardson
Henry Warner Slocum
John James Peck
John Sedgwick
William Farrar Smith
Alexander McDowell McCook
William Nelson
Thomas Leonidas Crittenden
Joseph King Fenno Mansfield*
John Gray Foster
John Grubb Parke
Jesse Lee Reno
Brigadier-General USA
Brackets indicates concurrently Major-General USV
William Selby Harney
(Edwin Vose Sumner)
(Joseph King Fenno Mansfield)
(Irvin McDowell)
Robert Anderson
(William Starke Rosecrans)
Philip St George Cooke
(John Pope)
Brigadier-General USV
Andrew Porter
Charles Pomeroy Stone
Thomas West Sherman
George Archibald McCall
William Reading Montgomery
John Wolcott Phelps
Charles Smith Hamilton
Rufus King
Jacob Dolson Cox
Stephen Augustus Hurlbut
Robert Cumming Schenck
Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss
Benjamin Franklin Kelley
Alpheus Starkey Williams
James Cooper
James Brewerton Ricketts
Orlando Bolivar Willcox
Michael Corcoran
Henry Hayes Lockwood
Louis Blenker
James Samuel Wadsworth
George Webb Morell
John Henry Martindale
Samuel Davis Sturgis
George Stoneman
Henry Washington Benham
James William Denver
Egbert Ludovicus Vielé
James Shields
John Fulton Reynolds
William Farquhar Barry
John Joseph Abercrombie
Lawrence Pike Graham
George Gordon Meade
Abram Duryée
Oliver Otis Howard
Eleazar Arthur Paine
Daniel Edgar Sickles
Charles Davis Jameson
Ebenezer Dumont
Robert Huston Milroy
Willis Arnold Gorman
Daniel Butterfield
Horatio Gouverneur Wright
William Thomas Ward
John Gross Barnard
Innis Newton Palmer
Seth Williams
John Newton
Winfield Scott Hancock
George Wright
Thomas Williams
George Sykes
William Henry French
William Thomas Harbaugh Brooks
John Milton Brannan
William Wallace Burns
John Porter Hatch
David Sloane Stanley
William Kerley Strong
Albin Francisco Schoepf
Lovell Harrison Rousseau
James Scott Negley
Thomas John Wood
Richard W Johnson
Adolph Wilhelm August Friedrich Von Steinwehr
Joseph Bennett Plummer
George Washington Cullum
Jeremiah Tilford Boyle
Christopher Columbus Augur
Schuyler Hamilton
George Washington Morgan
Julius Stahel
John McAllister Schofield
Thomas Jefferson McKean
Zealous Bates Tower
Jefferson Columbus Davis
James Henry Lane
John McAuley Palmer
James Abram Garfield
Lewis Golding Arnold
Frederick Steele
William Scott Ketchum
Abner Doubleday
John Wynn Davidson
Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh Dana
David Bell Birney
Thomas Francis Meagher
Henry Morris Naglee
Andrew Johnson
James Gallant Spears
Eugene Asa Carr
Thomas Alfred Davies
Daniel Tyler
William Hemsley Emory
Andrew Jackson Smith
Marsena Rudolph Patrick
Isaac Ferdinand Quinby
Hiram Gregory Berry
Orris Sanford Ferry
Daniel Phineas Woodbury
Henry Moses Judah
Richard James Oglesby
John Cook
John McArthur
Robert Latimer McCook
Jacob Gartner Lauman
Horatio Phillips Van Cleve
John Alexander Logan
Speed Smith Fry
Alexander Asboth
James Craig
Mahlon Dickerson Manson
Gordon Granger
Edward Richard Sprigg Canby
Grenville Mellen Dodge
Robert Byington Mitchell
James Gilpatrick Blunt
Francis Engle Patterson
Quincy Adams Gillmore
Amiel Weeks Whipple
Cuvier Grover
George Lucas Hartsuff
Rufus Saxton
Benjamin Alvord
Napoleon Bonaparte Buford
William Sooy Smith
Nathan Kimball
Charles Devens
James Henry Van Alen
Carl Schurz
Samuel Wylie Crawford
Henry Walton Wessells
Milo Smith Hascall
Leonard Fulton Ross
John White Geary
Alfred Howe Terry
Andrew Atkinson Humphreys
James Henry Carleton
Absalom Baird
John Cleveland Robinson
Truman Seymour
George Dashiell Bayard
Henry Prince
Abram Sanders Piatt
Thomas Turpin Crittenden
Maximilian Weber
Pleasant Adam Hackleman
Jeremiah Cutler Sullivan
Alvin Peterson Hovey
James Clifford Veatch
William Plummer Benton
Henry Bohlen
John Curtis Caldwell
Isaac Peace Rodman
Neal S Dow
George Sears Greene
Samuel Powhatan Carter
John Gibbon
George William Taylor
Erastus Barnard Tyler
James Birdseye McPherson
Charles Griffin
George Henry Gordon
James Madison Tuttle
Julius White
Peter Joseph Osterhaus
Stephen Gano Burbridge
Washington Lafayette Elliott
Albion Parris Howe
Green Clay Smith
William Bowen Campbell
Philip Henry Sheridan
Benjamin Stone Roberts
Alfred Pleasonton
Jacob Ammen
Joshua Woodrow Sill
Catharinus Putnam Buckingham
Fitz-Henry Warren
Morgan Lewis Smith
Charles Cruft
Frederick Saloman
James Streshly Jackson
Cadwallader Colden Washburn
Francis Jay Herron
John Cochrane
John Basil Turchin
Henry Shaw Briggs
Conrad Feger Jackson
James Dada Morgan
Johann August Ernst von Willich
Henry Dwight Terry
James Blair Steedman
George Foster Shepley
Brigadier-General USA (Staff)
Montgomery Cunningham Meigs (Quartermaster-General)
Henry Knox Craig
Lorenzo Thomas (Adjutant-General)
James Wolfe Ripley (Ordnance)
William Alexander Hammond (Surgeon-General)
Confederate Generals
Note: Italics, awaiting confirmation of the commission
General ACSA/PACS
Samuel Cooper
Robert Edward Lee
Joseph Eggleston Johnston
Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard
Braxton Bragg
Major-General PACS
Leonidas Polk
Earl Van Dorn
Gustavus Woodson Smith
Theophilus Hunter Holmes
William Joseph Hardee
Benjamin Huger
James Longstreet
John Bankhead Magruder
Mansfield Lovell
Thomas Jonathan Jackson
Edmund Kirby Smith
George Bibb Crittenden
John Clifford Pemberton
Richard Stoddert Ewell
William Wing Loring
Sterling Price
Benjamin Franklin Cheatham
Samuel Jones
John Porter McCown
Daniel Harvey Hill
Jones Mitchell Withers
Thomas Carmichael Hindman
John Cabell Breckinridge
Lafayette McLaws
Ambrose Powell Hill
Richard Heron Anderson
Brigadier-General PACS
Alexander Robert Lawton
Charles Clark
John Buchanan Floyd
Henry Alexander Wise
David Rumph Jones
Henry Hopkins Sibley
John Henry Winder
Richard Caswell Gatlin
Daniel Smith Donelson
Robert Augustus Toombs
Arnold Elzey
William Henry Chase Whiting
Jubal Anderson Early
Isaac Ridgeway Trimble
Daniel Ruggles
Roswell Sabine Ripley
Paul Octave Hébert
Joseph Reid Anderson
Simon Bolivar Buckner
Albert Gallatin Blanchard
Gabriel James Rains
James Ewell Brown Stuart
Thomas Fenwick Drayton
Lloyd Tilghman
Nathan George Evans
Cadmus Marcellus Wilcox
Robert Emmett Rodes
Richard Taylor
James Heyward Trapier
Samuel Gibbs French
William Henry Carroll
Hugh Weedon Mercer
Alexander Peter Stewart
William Montgomery Gardner
Richard Brooke Garnett
William Mahone
Lawrence O’Bryan Branch
Edward Johnson
Maxcy Gregg
Raleigh Edward Colston
Henry Heth
Johnson Kelly Duncan
Sterling Alexander Martin Wood
John George Walker
John King Jackson
George Edward Pickett
Bushrod Rust Johnson
James Patton Anderson
Howell Cobb
George Wythe Randolph
Joseph Brevard Kershaw
James Ronald Chalmers
James Johnston Pettigrew
Carter Littlepage Stevenson
Daniel Leadbetter
William Whann Mackall
Charles Sidney Winder
Robert Ransom
John Bell Hood
Daniel Marsh Frost
Winfield Scott Featherston
Thomas James Churchill
William Booth Taliaferro
Albert Rust
Patrick Ronayne Cleburne
Samuel Bell Maxey
Hamilton Prioleau Bee
James Morrison Hawes
George Hume Steuart
William Duncan Smith
James Edwin Slaughter
Charles William Field
John Horace Forney
Paul Jones Semmes
Lucius Marshall Walker
Seth Maxwell Barton
Dabney Herndon Maury
John Bordenave Villepigue
Henry Eustace McCullough
John Stevens Bowen
Benjamin Hardin Helm
John Selden Roane
States Rights Gist
William Nelson Pendleton
Lewis Addison Armistead
Joseph Finegan
Martin Luther Smith
Franklin Gardner
William Nelson Rector Beall
Thomas Jordan
William Preston
Roger Atkinson Pryor
Henry Little
John Echols
George Earl Maney
Jean Jacques Alfred Alexandre Mouton
John Stuart Williams
James Green Martin
Thomas Lanier Clingman
Wade Hampton
Daniel Weisiger Adams
Louis Hébert
Samuel Garland
John Creed Moore
Ambrose Ransom Wright
James Lawson Kemper
James Jay Archer
George Burgwyn Anderson
Beverley Holcombe Robertson
St John Richardson Liddell
American Civil War High Command 